Raccords à souder en bout
Raccords à souder en bout are the most common type of pipe fittings used for pipelines above 2 pouces de diamètre et sont reliés à des tuyaux par soudage. Les raccords de tuyauterie modifient le cheminement et la disposition de la canalisation ou d'une tuyauterie (coudes avec 45, 90 et 180 degrés d'angle courbe), réduire / augmenter sa capacité de transport de flux (Réducteurs concentriques et excentriques), bifurquer (tees, traverser) or blind it (CAP DE SOUDURE BOUT À BOUT). For smaller pipe sizes, 2 inches and below, raccords forgés (socket weld or threaded) are used instead of Raccords à souder en bout.
The material of the pipe shall generally match the material of the connecting butt weld fitting (hence an ASTM A106 Gr. B pipe shall be connected to an ASTM A234 WPB pipe fitting, or an ASTM A312 T304 pipe to an ASTM A403 WP304 pipe fitting and so on).
Also, the dimension a butt weld fitting shall match the dimension of the pipe to be connected (ALORS, Par exemple, a 6″ schedule 40 pipe matches a 6″ schedule 40 Coude Soudure Bout À Bout).
BENEFITS OF BUTT WELD FITTINGS
Butt welding fittings have the following benefits
- allow a strong and leak-proof pipe to fitting connection
- minimize the pressure drops and the turbulence along the pipeline
- avoir une longue durée de vie
- are rather cheap to purchase and deploy
Types de raccords de tuyauterie (Soudure bout à bout)
Multiple types of pipe fittings are available, which differ in shape and function, such as elbows, tees and crosses, reducers and caps, Se termine stub, etc. (see image below).
Each of this type of pipe fitting is reviewed in separate articles of the projectmaterials.com knowledge base.
PIPE FITTINGS DIMENSIONS AND MATERIALS
Raccords à souder en bout are manufactured in a wide range of dimensions (combinations of outside diameter and wall thickness, j'.e. Annexe) et qualités de matériaux (the most common are ASTM A234 WPB for carbon steel/alloy steel, ASTM A403 WP304 and WP316 for stainless steel wrought fittings, ASTM A815 for duplex and super duplex fittings).
Carbon steel fittings are common for pipelines and process piping applications in the oil and gas and power generation industry, stainless steel fittings are for applications where corrosion and erosion are a key issue (desalination, pharmaceutical and, food sectors).
Pour des applications spécifiques, steel fittings are either coated on the outer surface or internally lined or clad (see the example of an overlay clad tee below).
SEAMLESS VS WELDED FITTINGS
Butt weld fittings are available in seamless and welded execution (seamless for bore sizes below 24 pouces, welded for sizes above 24 pouces). They are manufactured, respectivement, using seamless pipes (Raccords à souder en bout <24 pouces), Les tubes soudés (Raccords à souder en bout >24 pouces) or steel plates (RACCORDS DE GRAND DIAMÈTRE, like metered ones).
- Seamless butt weld pipe fittings are manufactured using sections of seamless pipes and applying heat and pressure that shapes the tube into a pipe fitting shape
- A seamless butt weld fitting has no welding, which is a requirement in some high pressure and high-temperature applications. The absence of welds and the related porosities guarantees strength, durability and superior mechanical performance (the pipe fitting is less prone to corrosion attacks)
- A welded butt weld fitting has one, two or more welds, depending on dimension, the required shape and manufacturing process
INDUSTRIES USING BUTT WELD FITTINGS
Butt weld fittings are used in any industry where liquids, gases, chemicals and other fluids are used (manufactured, transporté, distributed, traité), comme:
- huile & gaz: Industrie du pétrole et du gaz, including upstream, Midstream (transportation, storage, and local distribution) and downstream (petrochemical refining).
- la production d'énergie: Power plants of any nature, thermal, fossil, nuclear
- Desalination: Plants to produce drinkable water from seawater
- nourriture et boisson
- Pharma
- Semiconductors
- pâtes et papiers
- Industrie de construction
BUTT WELD FITTINGS MANUFACTURERS
- Awaji
- APP/CB&pouce ou 114,3 mm à 508 mm
- Bassi Luigi
- Canadoil
- Close Bend
- Colonial Machine
- Erne Fittings
- Ezeflow
- Hackney-Ladish
- Cintreuses de tuyaux Houston
- IRC Spa
- Mills Iron Works
- OMR Raccordi (Officine Meccaniche Righi)
- Raccortubi
- Shanghai Gateway Fittings Co
- Steel Forgings
- Sungkwang Bend
- Tectubi
- Tenaris
- TK Bend
- Tube Forgings of America
PIPE FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONS
ASME B16.9, ASME B16.28 and, MSS SP43 are the key specifications covering the dimensions and the manufacturing tolerances of butt weld fittings. ASME B16.25 covers the preparation of butt weld connections between pipes and fittings. ASME B16.49 covers the marking details.
ASME B16.9 AND ASME B16.28 (CARBON AND ALLOY PIPE FITTINGS)
“This Standard covers overall dimensions, tolérances, les cotes, essai, et les marques pour forgé de carbone et en acier allié de fabrique buttwelding raccords de NPS 1/2 par le biais de 48. Il couvre les raccords du tout exploitable épaisseur de la paroi. La présente norme ne couvre pas les basse pression résistant à la corrosion buttwelding raccords. Voir MSS SP-43, Forgé En Acier Inoxydable Soudure Bout À Bout, Raccords. Coudes et retours à rayon court, qui étaient auparavant inclus dans ASME B16.28-1994, sont inclus dans cette norme. B16.9 doit être utilisé conjointement avec l'équipement décrit dans d'autres volumes de la série de normes ASME B16 ainsi qu'avec d'autres normes ASME, such as the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the B31 Piping Codes”. (source: ASME)
MSS SP 43 (STAINLESS STEEL AND NICKEL ALLOY PIPE FITTINGS)
The MSS SP 43 sets the dimensions, tolérances, and markings for butt weld fittings for low pressure, Résistant À La Corrosion Applications. It covers only fittings for use with Schedule 5S or 10S pipe, for all NPS sizes listed in ASME B36.19M, except that for short pattern stub ends suitable for use with Schedule 40S are also shown. Essentially, MSS SP 43 is the reference standard for lightweight corrosion resistant butt weld fittings (Acier inoxydable, duplex).
ASME B16.25 (BUTT WELD ENDS)
ASME B16.25 sets standards for the preparation of the ends of components that need to be welded together. As stated in the ASME website: “This Standard covers the preparation of buttwelding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and tolerances). Coverage includes preparation for joints with the following: no backing rings; split or noncontinuous backing rings; solid or continuous backing rings; consumable insert rings; gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of the root pass” (source: ASME).
Cut square or slight chamfer, at manufacturer’s option for :
- t ≤ 0.19” carbon steel or ferritic alloy steels
- t ≤ 0.12” austenitic alloy steels
Remarques :
(1) The value of t mini is whichever of the following is applicable: A) the minimum ordered wall thickness of the pipe, b) 0.875 times the nominal wall thickness of pipe ordered to a pipe schedule wall thickness that has an under tolerance of – 12.5 %.
(2) The maximum thickness at the end of the component is: A) the greater of (t mini + 0.16”) ou (1.15 t mini), when ordered on a minimum wall basis, b) the greater of (t mini + 0.16”) ou (1.10 t nom.), when ordered on a nominal wall basis.
(3) Weld bevel is shown for illustration only.
(4) The weld reinforcement permitted by the applicable code may lie outside the maximum envelope.
(5) Where transitions using maximum slope do not intersect outside surface within the transition region, as shown by phantom outline, maximum slopes shown shall be used. Alternately, radii lying within the envelope may be used
ASME B16.49
The ASME B16.49 Norm covers the manufacturing, Marquage, Conception, Matériel, essai, and inspection requirements for factory-made bends of carbon steel materials having controlled chemistry and mechanical properties, produit par le procédé de cintrage par induction, avec ou sans tangentes. Cette norme couvre les virages à induction pour les applications de tuyauterie transport et de distribution (par exemple,, ASME B31.4, B31.8, et B31.11).
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