Technical Metrics & Material Attributes
Its yield strength is substantially higher than that of common austenitic grades such as 316L.
The higher proof stress can allow thinner wall schedules where the design calculation permits.
The PREN value is commonly used to assess resistance to localized pitting and crevice corrosion.
Commonly selected for sour service, offshore systems, and demanding chemical-service piping.
Material Overview: Siku Super Dupleks ASTM A815 WPS UNS S32750
ASTM A815 WPS UNS S32750 is a wrought ferritic/austenitic super duplex stainless steel fitting grade used where strength and corrosion resistance are both important. It is used in marine, petrokimia, bawah laut, and chemical-processing service where conventional stainless steels may not provide enough margin, S32750 AS (umumnya dikenal sebagai 2507 Super Dupleks atau EN 1.4410) menawarkan keseimbangan 50/50 struktur mikro fase ganda yang terdiri dari proporsi austenit dan ferit yang kira-kira sama. The duplex structure combines relatively high yield strength with good resistance to chloride-related stress corrosion cracking (SCC), while retaining useful toughness when the phase balance is properly controlled.
Penunjukan WPS dalam ASTM A815 menunjukkan alat kelengkapan perpipaan mulus kelas tempa yang diproduksi sesuai persyaratan ASME B16.9 dan MSS SP-43 yang ketat. Siku ini, tersedia di keduanya Long Radius (LR, R=1,5 D) dan Radius pendek (SR, R=1.0 D) konfigurasi, are used to change flow direction in high-pressure piping networks. Apakah digunakan di rig minyak lepas pantai perairan dalam, pabrik desalinasi air laut reverse osmosis, scrubber gas asam yang agresif, atau reaktor kimia dengan kemurnian tinggi, ASTM A815 WPS UNS S32750 elbows are intended for service involving cyclic loading, temperature changes, and corrosive process fluids.
Klasifikasi Material Utama yang Dicakup oleh Spesifikasi ASTM A815:
- Kelas WP-S: Fitting mulus tempa dibuat dari pipa mulus, Tabung, atau stok palsu.
- Kelas WP-W: Perlengkapan tempa yang mengandung lasan yang telah ditambahkan logam pengisi dan diperiksa secara non-destruktif melalui radiografi (RT).
- Kelas WP-WX: Perlengkapan las tempa di mana semua lasan berada 100% diradiografi per ASME Boiler dan Pressure Vessel Code.
- Kelas WP-WU: Perlengkapan tempa tempat semua lasan berada 100% diperiksa menggunakan pengujian ultrasonik (OUT).
Batas Komposisi Kimia (%) — UNS S32750 vs Keluarga Dupleks
Elemental limits are controlled to support corrosion resistance and to reduce the risk of undesirable intermetallic phases such as sigma (A) and chi (H).
| Kelas / UNS | Karbon (C) | cr | Ni | Mo | N | Cu | Mn (max) | Si (max) | P / S (max) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WPS S32750 (2507) | ≤ 0.030 | 24.0 - 26.0 | 6.0 - 8.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 0.24 - 0.32 | ≤ 0.50 | 1.20 | 0.80 | 0.035 / 0.020 |
| WPS S31803 (2205) | ≤ 0.030 | 21.0 - 23.0 | 4.5 - 6.5 | 2.5 - 3.5 | 0.08 - 0.20 | - | 2.00 | 1.00 | 0.030 / 0.020 |
| WPS S32202 (2202) | ≤ 0.030 | 21.5 - 24.0 | 1.0 - 2.8 | 0.45 max | 0.18 - 0.26 | - | 2.00 | 1.00 | 0.040 / 0.010 |
| WPS S32760 (nol 100) | ≤ 0.030 | 24.0 - 26.0 | 6.0 - 8.0 | 3.0 - 4.0 | 0.20 - 0.30 | 0.50 - 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.030 / 0.010 |
* Catatan: UNS S32750 mengandung penambahan Nitrogen yang disengaja (0.24–0,32%) untuk secara signifikan meningkatkan resistensi pitting, mendorong austenitisasi ulang antar butir secara cepat selama perlakuan panas, dan meningkatkan kekuatan luluh mekanis.
Mekanik & Data Kinerja Struktural
The ferrite-austenite balance gives S32750 high tensile and yield strength, useful low-temperature toughness, and good resistance to erosion-corrosion. Jika dibandingkan dengan standar 300 seri baja tahan karat atau paduan lean duplex konvensional, S32750 mengizinkan teknisi untuk menentukan jadwal dinding yang lebih tipis (misalnya, SCH 10S vs SCH 40S) tanpa mengorbankan margin keamanan struktural.
Where permitted by the applicable ASME B31.3 design conditions, the higher allowable stress can reduce required wall thickness and system weight.
Batas Mekanik ASTM A815 S32750
| Parameter Mekanis | Batas Standar ASTM A815 |
|---|---|
| Kekuatan Tarik, Min (Mpa / Ksi) | 800 - 965 / [116 - 140] |
| Kekuatan Luluh (0.2% offset), Min | 550 Mpa / [80 Ksi] |
| Perpanjangan di 2 dalam. (50 mm), Min % | 15.0 % |
| Kekerasan, Brinell (HBW), max | 310 PBR maks |
| Kekerasan, Rockwell C (HRC), max | 32 HRC maks |
| Energi Dampak Charpy V-Notch (-40° C) | ≥ 80 Joule (rata-rata) |
Fisika Ketahanan Korosi & Perhitungan Rumus PREN
Pitting and crevice-corrosion resistance of Super Duplex UNS S32750 is commonly discussed using the Jumlah setara resistansi pitting (KAYU). A higher PREN generally indicates greater resistance to localized passive-film breakdown in chloride-containing service.
mengadu & korosi celah
Dengan PREN minimal sebesar 42, S32750 elbows are generally selected for chlorinated seawater service when the temperature and chloride exposure are within the design limits.
retak korosi tegangan (SCC)
Compared with many austenitic grades, the duplex structure provides better resistance to chloride SCC. Actual performance in H2S service still depends on temperature, chloride level, menekankan, and the applicable materials standard.
Korosi erosi
High material hardness combined with superior dynamic passive film regeneration helps the elbows withstand erosion-corrosion in services containing suspended solids, including some subsea slurry applications.
Long Radius (LR) vs Radius Pendek (SR) Siku Dupleks
The choice between Long Radius (R = 1,5D) dan radius pendek (R = 1.0D) is normally based on pressure loss, flow conditions, Babi, and available installation space.
Long Radius (LR) SIKU (R = 1,5D)
- Jarak Pusat-ke-Ujung: 1.5 kali diameter pipa nominal (SEBUAH = 1.5 × NPC).
- Kerugian Kepala Gesekan: The larger bend radius generally produces a smoother change in direction and lower pressure loss.
- Kemampuan Babi: A common choice for lines that require conventional or intelligent pigging.
- Ketahanan terhadap Erosi: The larger radius can reduce local flow disturbance and may help limit erosion at the bend.
- Aplikasi Utama: Jaringan pipa minyak lintas negara jarak jauh, anak tangga bawah laut lepas pantai, memproses jalur kimia.
Radius pendek (SR) SIKU (R = 1.0D)
- Jarak Pusat-ke-Ujung: Sama dengan diameter pipa nominal (SEBUAH = 1.0 × NPC).
- Kerugian Kepala Gesekan: Resistensi perubahan arah yang lebih tinggi dan turbulensi yang sedikit meningkat.
- Kemampuan Babi: Less suitable where the piping system requires passage of rigid inspection pigs.
- Tata Letak Kompak: Useful where the available layout space does not allow a long-radius elbow.
- Aplikasi Utama: Paket selip bawah laut, modul bagian atas FPSO yang ringkas, ruang mesin kelautan, sistem selip.
ASME B16.9 Radius Panjang 90° (LR) Dimensi Siku & Bagan Berat
Reference dimensions for ASTM A815 WPS UNS S32750 butt-weld 90-degree LR elbows (1/2″ 24″).
| Ukuran nominal (NPS) | Diameter luar (OD) [mm] | Pusat untuk End (A) [mm] | Dinding tebal (SCH 10S) [mm] | Dinding tebal (Condong 40 -an) [mm] | Dinding tebal (Sch 80s) [mm] | approx. Berat badan (Condong 40 -an) [kg] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2″ (DN15) | 21.3 | 38.0 | 2.11 | 2.77 | 3.73 | 0.08 |
| 3/4″ (DN20) | 26.7 | 38.0 | 2.11 | 2.87 | 3.91 | 0.11 |
| 1″ (DN25) | 33.4 | 38.0 | 2.77 | 3.38 | 4.55 | 0.16 |
| 1-1/2″ (DN40) | 48.3 | 57.0 | 2.77 | 3.68 | 5.08 | 0.42 |
| 2″ (DN50) | 60.3 | 76.0 | 2.77 | 3.91 | 5.54 | 0.78 |
| 3″ (DN80) | 88.9 | 114.0 | 3.05 | 5.49 | 7.62 | 2.15 |
| 4″ (DN100) | 114.3 | 152.0 | 3.05 | 6.02 | 8.56 | 4.12 |
| 6″ (DN150) | 168.3 | 229.0 | 3.40 | 7.11 | 10.97 | 11.20 |
| 8″ (DN200) | 219.1 | 305.0 | 3.76 | 8.18 | 12.70 | 23.50 |
| 10″ (DN250) | 273.0 | 381.0 | 4.19 | 9.27 | 12.70 | 41.80 |
| 12″ (DN300) | 323.8 | 457.0 | 4.57 | 9.52 | 12.70 | 64.50 |
ASME B16.9 / MSS SP-43 Radius Pendek 90° (SR) Dimensi Siku
Reference dimensions and weights for compact-radius Super Duplex 2507 siku (R = 1.0D).
| Ukuran NPS | Diameter luar (OD) [mm] | SR Pusat-ke-Ujung (A) [mm] | Dinding SCH 10S [mm] | Dinding SCH 40S [mm] | approx. Berat badan (Sch 80s) [kg] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1″ (DN25) | 33.4 | 25.4 | 2.77 | 3.38 | 0.14 |
| 1-1/2″ (DN40) | 48.3 | 38.1 | 2.77 | 3.68 | 0.35 |
| 2″ (DN50) | 60.3 | 50.8 | 2.77 | 3.91 | 0.65 |
| 3″ (DN80) | 88.9 | 76.2 | 3.05 | 5.49 | 1.80 |
| 4″ (DN100) | 114.3 | 101.6 | 3.05 | 6.02 | 3.40 |
| 6″ (DN150) | 168.3 | 152.4 | 3.40 | 7.11 | 9.80 |
| 8″ (DN200) | 219.1 | 203.2 | 3.76 | 8.18 | 19.50 |
Perlakuan Panas Kritis & Keseimbangan Fase Mikrostruktur
The properties of ASTM A815 WPS UNS S32750 elbows depend on maintaining an appropriate 40%–60% Ferit / 60%–40% Austenit rasio fase. Unsuitable heat treatment can promote intermetallic precipitation, including the embrittling Fase Sigma (A) dan Fase Chi (H), which can reduce impact toughness and localized-corrosion resistance.
| Kelas / ASTM | suhu anil larutan | Pendinginan / Metode Pendinginan | Targetkan Konten Ferit |
|---|---|---|---|
| WPS S32750 (2507) | 1025°C – 1125 °C [1920°F – 2060°F] | Pendinginan Air Cepat (di bawah 300°C dalam hitungan detik) | 40% - 60% ferit (Jumlah Poin E562) |
| WPS S31803 (2205) | 1020°C – 1100 °C [1870°F – 2010°F] | Pendinginan Air atau Pendinginan Udara Cepat | 40% - 60% ferit |
| WPS S32202 (2202) | 1020°C – 1080 °C [1870°F – 1975°F] | Pendinginan Air atau Pendinginan Udara Paksa | 45% - 55% ferit |
Quench Rate: Cooling through the critical temperature range must be fast enough to limit intermetallic precipitation. The selected quench practice is intended to retain the required phase balance and mechanical properties.
Alur Kerja Manufaktur yang Mulus & Siku Dilas
Typical production combines hot forming, hydraulic forming where applicable, end machining, Permukaan pengobatan, and non-destructive examination.
Pembentukan Mandrel Panas
For seamless fittings, the pipe or hollow stock is heated and formed over a mandrel so that the bend radius, wall distribution, and roundness stay within the required tolerances.
Pengepresan Pelat & welding
For larger fittings (>24″), plate may be formed into shells, prepared at the seams, and welded with a suitable super-duplex filler such as ER2594.
Annealing Solusi Penuh
setelah terbentuk, the elbows are solution annealed within the specified temperature range and rapidly cooled to restore the required phase balance.
Beveling & Pengawetan Permukaan
The ends are machined to the required ASME B16.25 bevel geometry. Pickling and passivation are then used to remove heat tint and restore a clean passive surface.
Spesifikasi Pengelasan & Pedoman Bahan Habis Pakai untuk S32750
Welding ASTM A815 WPS S32750 elbows requires controlled heat input and interpass temperature. Excessively rapid cooling can shift the HAZ phase balance, while excessive heat input or prolonged exposure can increase the risk of secondary phases.
| proses pengelasan | Spesifikasi Logam Pengisi AWS | Masukan Panas yang Direkomendasikan | Perisai / Gas Pendukung |
|---|---|---|---|
| gtaw (CEKCOK) | AWS A5.9 ER2594 (Ni ~ paduan berlebih 9%) | 0.2 - 1.5 KJ/mm | Ar murni atau Ar + 2% N2 / Ar + 30% Dia + 2% N2 |
| SMAW (Tongkat) | AWS A5.4 E2594-16 / E2594-17 | 0.5 - 1.5 KJ/mm | n / a (Dilapisi fluks) |
| GMAW (AKU) | Kawat AWS A5.9 ER2594 | 0.5 - 1.2 KJ/mm | Ar + 2% N2 atau Ar + 30% Dia + 2% N2 |
| MELIHAT (Busur Terendam) | Kawat AWS A5.9 ER2594 + Fluks Dasar | 0.8 - 1.8 KJ/mm | Netral / Fluks Pengelasan Dasar |
Suhu persimpangan maksimum harus dibatasi secara ketat 100° C (212° F) selama seluruh rangkaian lintasan untuk mencegah pengendapan austenit sekunder dan fase penggetasan.
Kontrol kualitas & Protokol Pengujian
The inspection plan for ASTM A815 WPS UNS S32750 elbows normally combines material verification, pemeriksaan dimensi, and the non-destructive or destructive tests specified by the purchase order and applicable standard.
1. PMI Pengujian
Identifikasi Bahan Positif (PMI) by XRF or OES can be used to confirm the principal alloying elements and heat traceability.
2. Pengujian Korosi
Where specified, ASTM G48 Method A testing can be used to evaluate resistance to ferric-chloride pitting and crevice corrosion.
3. Struktur mikro & ferit
Metallographic examination, including ferrite measurement where required, is used to check phase balance and identify undesirable intermetallic phases.
4. Radiografi (RT) / OUT
Welded classes may require radiographic or ultrasonic examination according to the applicable specification, purchase order, and inspection plan.
standar internasional & Matriks Sebutan Setara
| Organisasi Standar | Kode Standar | Deskripsi / Jenis pemasangan |
|---|---|---|
| Standar ASTM | ASTM A815 / A815M | Spesifikasi Standar untuk Feritik Tempa, Feritik / Austenitic, dan alat kelengkapan pipa baja tahan karat martensit |
| Standar ASME | ASME B16.9 | Perlengkapan Pengelasan Buttwelding Tempa Buatan Pabrik (NPS 1/2 melalui NPS 48) |
| standar MSS | MSS SP-43 | Perlengkapan Pengelasan Butt Tempa dan Pabrikasi untuk Tekanan Rendah, Tahan Korosi Aplikasi |
| standar MSS | MSS SP-97 | Perlengkapan Outlet Cabang Tempa yang Diperkuat Secara Integral — Pengelasan Soket, Ulir, dan Buttwelding Berakhir |
| Norma Eropa | EN 10253-4 / EN 10088-3 | BUTT-WELDING PIPA FITTING – Austenitik tempa dan austenitik-feritik (duplex) Baja Tahan Karat |
| Standar NACE | Nace Mr0175 / ISO 15156 | Industri minyak dan gas alam — Bahan untuk digunakan di lingkungan yang mengandung H2S dalam produksi minyak dan gas |
Aplikasi Industri Utama untuk Siku Super Duplex S32750
Typical service areas include high-stress and corrosive industrial systems.
Minyak Lepas Pantai & Sisi Atas Gas
Used in subsea manifolds, pohon Natal, garis aliran, Bangun, and firewater systems where seawater exposure and sour-service conditions place demanding requirements on corrosion resistance.
Pabrik Desalinasi Air Laut
Used in reverse-osmosis pump manifolds, brine headers, and energy-recovery systems handling concentrated saline water.
Pemrosesan kimia & Tanaman Asam
Used in selected heat-exchanger, reboiler, and acid-service piping where the corrosion conditions exceed the practical limits of common austenitic grades.
Toleransi Dimensi per ASME B16.9 / MSS SP-43
| Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) | Toleransi Sudut Luar (Q) | Toleransi Di Luar Pesawat (P) | Toleransi dari Pusat ke Ujung | Diameter Dalam Di Ujung |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2″ menjadi 2-1/2″ | ± 1 mm | ± 2 mm | ± 2.0 mm | +0.8 mm / -0.8 mm |
| 3″ menjadi 3-1/2″ | ± 2 mm | ± 3 mm | ± 2.0 mm | +1.6 mm / -1.6 mm |
| 4″ | ± 2 mm | ± 3 mm | ± 2.0 mm | +1.6 mm / -1.6 mm |
| 5″ ke 8″ | ± 3 mm | ± 5 mm | ± 2.0 mm | +1.6 mm / -1.6 mm |
| 10″ sampai 18″ | ± 4 mm | ± 6 mm | ± 3.0 mm | +3.2 mm / -1.6 mm |
| 20″ 24″ | ± 5 mm | ± 10 mm | ± 3.0 mm | +4.8 mm / -1.6 mm |
Ekspor Kemasan, produk Menandai & Sertifikasi Mutu
For export shipment, the fittings are protected against contamination, kelembaban, and handling damage, with identification marks retained for heat and product traceability.
Spesifikasi Penandaan Standar
Penandaan stempel mati terus menerus pada setiap siku disertakan: Nama/Logo Produsen, Kode Standar (ASTM A815 WPS S32750), Ukuran Pipa, Ketebalan/Jadwal Dinding, Nomor Panas untuk 100% ketertelusuran pabrik.
Kotak Kayu Bebas Fumigasi yang Layak Laut
Kelengkapan dilindungi dengan tutup plastik ujung, dibungkus satu per satu dalam film plastik tahan lembab, dan dikemas ke dalam kotak kayu lapis bebas fumigasi tugas berat dengan penguat tali baja.
EN 10204 3.1 & 3.2 Sertifikat Pabrik
Material Test Reports can be supplied to EN 10204 3.1, with third-party inspection available when required by the order.
Referensi Cepat Pengadaan
Kartu Data Siku Super Dupleks ASTM A815 WPS UNS S32750
Quick reference for engineering, procurement, and piping design work.
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